From Herds to Human Groups
There are as such various phases that occured in course of this development form herds to human groups which phases have various discriminatory features as well as various other features which overlap and have gradually undergone growth and evolutionary changes.
Therefore we start with the evolutionary approaches from herds to human groups.
Hunting and Gathering to Modern Society:
Hunters and gatherers were more egalitarian in nature. Power was based on individuals and violence was common to take over the power. There was no authority and private property. Then, slow growth of divison of labour and technology evolved. According to Marx, this slow growth led to state formation for security.
Human Herd
- Hunting together and lived together in group.
- Lived together for security and food.
- Group membership were much permanent in nature.
- No art and religion was developed.
Nearly 30,000 years ago, the structure of the society changed, communitites and clans emerged and people settled into more permanent social groups.
Clan
- Common ancestors
- Lived in a group of up to 100 members
- Common residence (today there is the concept of private property)
- Joint Work
- Division of labour
- Children started helping from 4 to 5 years of age
- Elders make decisions
- Primitive communal system (Limited in family, no community extensions)
- Advanced art and technology
- Rise of art and beliefs
- Taming of wild animals
- Livestock breeding
- Land clearance and ploughing
- Metal and Plough invention
In course of moving on from one generation to another there has occured transformation in many facets with the advancement in knowledge, science and technology etc. but the essence remains the same.
Tribe
- Several clans make a tribe
- Tribal affairs resolved by council of members
- During war chief were elected to lead the warriors
- From clan to territorial communities
- The emergence of nobel man
- Mankind commenced their carrer from savagery to civilization through slow accumulation of experimental knowledge.
- Savagery, barbarism and civilization are connected to each other in a natural as well as necessary sequence of progress and this progress was brought through:
